The largest companies in the world are listed companies for a very simple reason – access to public capital is cheap. When a company has a successful and proven business model and intends to scale, raising finance from the public is the most convenient route. It may enable a company to generate a larger volume of capital than it can by approaching an institutional investor, a private equity fund or a bank. The deal size or transaction volume of listed company capital generation and financing transactions is extremely high, which renders working on a listed company transaction very rewarding for any business advisor. Activities of a listed company are heavily regulated and the regulations are stringent with respect to financial transactions. Knowledge of such regulations is essential for advisors, lawyers, professionals as well as a businessman.<\/p>\n
Conventionally, most businesses are structured as private limited companies. It should be noted that a Private Limited Company<\/a><\/strong> is not permitted to be listed in a stock exchange. Prior to listing, the business must convert to a public limited company. The conversion process requires a special resolution of the shareholders<\/a><\/strong> to convert, to raise the prescribed minimum paid-up capital, and to adopt a new set of Articles of Association. The listed entity must ensure that key managerial personnel, directors, promoters or others dealing with the listed entity, are complying with the duties, which have been assigned to them under ADR regulations. Post-conversion, if a company meets the eligibility requirements under the ICDR Regulations, it must make an initial public offer (IPO) in terms of the regulations. A prospectus is also required to be filed with the ROC and SEBI.<\/p>\n The key features of the IPO process are:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Acquisitions of listed companies shares are regulated by the SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeover) Regulations 2011, known as Takeover Code. It requires the acquirers to notify the listed company (Target Company) and the stock exchange on their shareholdings if they have acquired certain percentage amount of shares. If his shareholding reaches 25%, an acquirer is required to make an open offer to acquire a minimum percentage of 26% of the company- so as to take his shareholding beyond 51%. The rationale behind it is that the existing shareholders must be given an opportunity to exit in the event that a new shareholder<\/a> is set to acquire control of the company. The largest companies in the world are listed companies for a very simple reason – access to public capital is cheap. When a company has a successful and proven business model and intends to scale, raising finance from the public is the most convenient route. It may enable a company to generate a larger volume […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1322],"tags":[51,453],"acf":{"service_id":"1"},"yoast_head":"\n
\nListing requires the companies to comply with a different regulation issued by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI<\/a>) which is the regulator for securities market<\/a>. SEBI has issued extensive regulation for reporting and compliance by listed companies and market intermediaries such as stock brokers<\/a>, depositaries etc.
\nWhen a listed entity has listed any of the following securities on a recognized stock exchange then they also have to comply with the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations 2015 (LODR).<\/p>\n\n
\nThese regulations prescribe the composition of the board of directors i.e. there should be an optimum combination of executive and non-executive directors with at least one woman director and not less than 50% of the board shall comprise of non-executive directors.
\nFurther, every listed entity shall constitute a qualified and independent audit committee. Board of Directors shall also constitute the nomination and remuneration committee, stakeholders’ relationship committee and risk management committee.
\nBefore issuing the securities, a listed entity shall obtain an ‘in-principle’ approval from a recognized stock exchange.
\nThe listed entity shall submit the annual report to the stock exchange within 21 working days.
\nIn order to make a public issue, a company must fulfill certain eligibility criteria specified in the SEBI (Issue a Capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (ICDR Regulations). These criteria require companies to have a high amount of assets (minimum Rs. 3 crores) and net worth (minimum Rs. 1 crores). Minimum paid-up capital requirements are also quite high –Rs. 10 crores if the company is listed companies on the main board. Alternatively, if the company cannot meet such requirements, a significant portion of its shares in the IPO must be subscribed by large financial institutions).
\nSince it is extremely difficult for small business to meet these requirements, SEBI permitted the stock exchange to create a listing for SMALL and Medium Enterprises (SME) called as SME board in 2011. Companies listed here are exempted from meeting profitability and net worth related requirements – they are only required to have a paid up capital of Rs. 50 lakhs. However, the framework for a listing of SMEs has few disadvantages as well.<\/p>\n\n
Initial Public Offer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Acquisition-Related<\/strong> Regulations and Compliance- Takeover Code
\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nThe price of the offer is set in the Takeover Code. The acquisition price can either be paid in cash or by the swap of shares of the acquirer or combination of both. A specific portion of the acquisition price must be deposited in an ‘escrow arrangement’, which acts as security that the acquirer has the financial capacity to pay the shareholders of the target company.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"